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Optically sampled analog-to-digital converters

Published in:
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. 49, No. 10, October 2001, pp. 1840-1853.
Topic:

Summary

Optically sampled analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) combine optical sampling with electronic quantization to enhance the performance of electronic ADCs. In this paper, we review the prior and current work in this field, and then describe our efforts to develop and extend the bandwidth of a linearized sampling technique referred to as phase-encoded optical sampling. The technique uses a dual-output electrooptic sampling transducer to achieve both high linearity and 60-dB suppression of laser amplitude noise. The bandwidth of the technique is extended by optically distributing the post-sampling pulses to an array of time-interleaved electronic quantizers. We report on the performance of a 505-MS/s (megasample per second) optically sampled ADC that includes high-extinction LiNbO(3) 1-to-8 optical time-division demultiplexers. Initial characterization of the 505-MS/s system reveals a maximum signal-to-noise ratio of 51 dB (8.2 bits) and a spur-free dynamic range of 61 dB. The performance of the present system is limited by electronic quantizer noise, photodiode saturation, and preliminary calibration procedures. None of these fundamentally limit this sampling approach, which should enable multigigahertz converters with 12-b resolution. A signal-to-noise analysis of the phase-encoded sampling technique shows good agreement with measured data from the 505-MS/s system.
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Summary

Optically sampled analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) combine optical sampling with electronic quantization to enhance the performance of electronic ADCs. In this paper, we review the prior and current work in this field, and then describe our efforts to develop and extend the bandwidth of a linearized sampling technique referred to as...

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Initial flight test results from the EO-1 Advanced Land Imager: radiometric performance

Published in:
IGARSS 2001, Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp., Vol. 1, 9-13 July 2001, pp. 515-417.

Summary

The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is one of three instruments flown on the first Earth Observing mission (EO-1) under NASA's New Millennium Program (NMP). The primary NMP mission objective is to flight-validate advanced technologies that will enable dramatic improvements in performance, cost, mass and schedule for future, Landsat-like, earth remote sensing instruments. ALI contains a number of innovative features, including all the Category 1 technology demonstrations of the EO-1 mission. These include the basic instrument architecture which employs a push-broom data collection mode, a wide field of view optical design, compact multispectral detector arrays, non-cryogenic HgCdTe for the short wave infrared bands, silicon carbide optics and a multi-level solar calibration technique. The Earth Observing-1 spacecraft was successfully launched on November 21, 2000. During the first sixty days on orbit, several Earth scenes were collected and on-orbit calibration techniques were exercised by the Advanced Land Imager. This paper presents the status of ALI radiometric performance characterization obtained from the data collected during that period.
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Summary

The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is one of three instruments flown on the first Earth Observing mission (EO-1) under NASA's New Millennium Program (NMP). The primary NMP mission objective is to flight-validate advanced technologies that will enable dramatic improvements in performance, cost, mass and schedule for future, Landsat-like, earth remote...

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Infrared frequency selective surfaces fabricated using optical lithography and phase-shift masks

Published in:
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, Vol. 19, No. 6, November/December 2001, pp. 2757-2760. (45th Int. Conf. on Electron, Ion, and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN), 29 May-1 June 2001.)

Summary

A frequency selective surface (FSS) structure has been fabricated for use in a thermophotovoltaic system. The FSS provides a means for reflecting the unusable light below the band gap of the thermophotovoltaic cell while transmitting the usable light above the band gap. This behavior is relatively independent of the light's incident angle. The fabrication of the FSS was done using optical lithography and a phase-shift mask. The FSS cell consisted of circular slits spaced by 1100 nm. The diameter and width of the circular slits were 870 and 120 nm, respectively. The FSS was predicted to pass wavelengths near 7 um and reflect wavelengths outside of this pass band. The FSSs fabricated performed as expected with a pass band centered near 5 um.
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Summary

A frequency selective surface (FSS) structure has been fabricated for use in a thermophotovoltaic system. The FSS provides a means for reflecting the unusable light below the band gap of the thermophotovoltaic cell while transmitting the usable light above the band gap. This behavior is relatively independent of the light's...

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Architectural trades for an advanced geostationary atmospheric sounding instrument

Summary

The process of formulating a remote sensing instrument design from a set of observational requirements involves a series of trade studies during which judgments are made between available design options. The outcome of this process is a system architecture which drives the size, weight, power consumption, cost, and technological risk of the instrument. In this paper, a set of trade studies are described which guided the development of a baseline sensor design to provide vertical profiles (soundings) of atmospheric temperature and humidity from future Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) platforms. Detailed trade studies presented include the choice between an interferometric versus a dispersive spectrometer, the optical design of the IR interferometer and visible imaging channel, the optimization of the instrument spatial response, the selection of detector array materials, operating temperatures, and array size, the thermal design for detector and optics cooling, and the electronics required to process detected interferograms into spectral radiance. The trade study process was validated through simulations of the radiometric performance of the instrument, and through simulated retrievals of vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity. The flexibility of these system trades is emphasized, highlighting the differing outcomes that occur from this process as system requirements evolve. Observations are made with respect to the reliability and readiness of key technologies. The results of this study were disseminated to industry to assist their interpretation of, and responses to, system requirements provided by the U.S. Government.
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Summary

The process of formulating a remote sensing instrument design from a set of observational requirements involves a series of trade studies during which judgments are made between available design options. The outcome of this process is a system architecture which drives the size, weight, power consumption, cost, and technological risk...

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Monolithic 3.3V CCD/SOI-CMOS Imager Technology

Summary

We have developed a merged CCD/SOI-CMOS technology that enables the fabrication of monolithic, low-power imaging systems on a chip. The CCD's, fabricated in the bulk handle wafer, have charge-transfer inefficiencies of about 1x10(-5) and well capacities of more than 100,000 electrons with 3.3-V clocks and 8x8um pixels. Fully depleted 0.35pm SOI-CMOS ring oscillators have stage delay of 48ps at 3.3V. We demonstrate for the first time an integrated image sensor with charge-domain A/D conversion and on-chip clocking.
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Summary

We have developed a merged CCD/SOI-CMOS technology that enables the fabrication of monolithic, low-power imaging systems on a chip. The CCD's, fabricated in the bulk handle wafer, have charge-transfer inefficiencies of about 1x10(-5) and well capacities of more than 100,000 electrons with 3.3-V clocks and 8x8um pixels. Fully depleted 0.35pm...

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SOI wafer selection for CCD/SOI-CMOS technology [Abstract]

Published in:
2000 IEEE Int. SOI Conf. Proc., 2-5 October 2000, pp. 136-137.

Summary

We have developed a process that monolithically integrates fully depleted SOI CMOS (FDSOI) with high-performance CCD image sensors. This integrated technology that enables charged-coupled devices (CCD's) to be in close proximity to, yet isolated from, FDSOI circuits. This approach exploits both the advantages of FDSOI (fast, low-power CMOS with potentially enhanced radiation performance) and those of CCD's (high quantum efftciency, low noise, and architectural flexibility). This 3.3 V, 0.3 mu m CCD/FDSOI-CMOS technology thus enables fabrication of low-power, compact imaging systems. Material requirements for CCD imagers are perhaps the most stringent of any device and require special attention to the quality of the bulk or handle wafer. We report here characterization of various SOI handle wafers for use in fabrication of bulk imaging devices.
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Summary

We have developed a process that monolithically integrates fully depleted SOI CMOS (FDSOI) with high-performance CCD image sensors. This integrated technology that enables charged-coupled devices (CCD's) to be in close proximity to, yet isolated from, FDSOI circuits. This approach exploits both the advantages of FDSOI (fast, low-power CMOS with potentially...

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Spectral beam combining of a broad-stripe diode laser array in an external cavity

Published in:
Opt. Lett., Vol. 25, No. 6, 15 March 2000, pp. 405-407.

Summary

The outputs from an 11-element, linear diode laser array with broad stripes have been beam combined into a single beam with a beam quality of ~20X diffraction limited in the plane of the junction. This beam combining was achieved by use of a common external cavity containing a grating, which simultaneously forces each array element to operate at a different, but controlled, wavelength and forces the beams from all the elements to overlap and propagate in the same direction. The power in the combined beam was 50% of the output from the bare laser array.
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Summary

The outputs from an 11-element, linear diode laser array with broad stripes have been beam combined into a single beam with a beam quality of ~20X diffraction limited in the plane of the junction. This beam combining was achieved by use of a common external cavity containing a grating, which...

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The development of phased-array radar technology

Published in:
Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2000, pp. 321-340.

Summary

Lincoln Laboratory has been involved in the development of phased-array radar technology since the late 1950s. Radar research activities have included theoretical analysis, application studies, hardware design, device fabrication, and system testing. Early phased-array research was centered on improving the national capability in phased-array radars. The Laboratory has developed several test-bed phased arrays, which have been used to demonstrate and evaluate components, beamforming techniques, calibration, and testing methodologies. The Laboratory has also contributed significantly in the area of phased-array antenna radiating elements, phase-shifter technology, solid-state transmit-and-receive modules, and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology. A number of developmental phased-array radar systems have resulted from this research, as discussed in other articles in this issue. A wide variety of processing techniques and system components have also been developed. This article provides an overview of more than forty years of this phased-array radar research activity.
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Summary

Lincoln Laboratory has been involved in the development of phased-array radar technology since the late 1950s. Radar research activities have included theoretical analysis, application studies, hardware design, device fabrication, and system testing. Early phased-array research was centered on improving the national capability in phased-array radars. The Laboratory has developed several...

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1.5-um Tapered-Gain-Region Lasers with High-CW Output Powers

Published in:
IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., Vol. 10, No. 10, October 1998, pp. 1377-1379.

Summary

High-power diode lasers consisting of a ridge-waveguide section coupled to a tapered region have been fabricated in 1.5um InGaAsP-InP multiple-quantum-well material. Self-focusing at high current densities and high-intensity input into the taper section has been identified as a fundamental problem in these devices that has to be dealt with. To date, continuous-wave output powers>1 W with=80% of the power in the near-diffraction-limited central lobe of the far field have been obtained through a judicious choice of device parameters.
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Summary

High-power diode lasers consisting of a ridge-waveguide section coupled to a tapered region have been fabricated in 1.5um InGaAsP-InP multiple-quantum-well material. Self-focusing at high current densities and high-intensity input into the taper section has been identified as a fundamental problem in these devices that has to be dealt with. To...

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EO-1 Advanced Land Imager in-flight calibration

Published in:
SPIE, Vol. 3439, Earth Observing Systems III, 19-21 July 1998, pp. 416-422.

Summary

The EO-1 Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is the first earth-orbiting instrument to be flown under NASA's New Millenium program. The ALI employs novel wide-angle optics and a multispectral and panchromatic spectrometer. EO-1 is a technology verification project designed to demonstrate comparable or improved Landsat spatial and spectral resolution with substantial mass, volume, and cost savings. This paper provides an overview of in-flight calibration and performance assessment of the Advanced Land Imager. Included are techniques for calibrating and assessing focus and MTF using long, straight, man-made objects and monitoring of radiometric linearity and offsets using an internal calibration source, standard Earth reference scenes, and solar and lunar observations.
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Summary

The EO-1 Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is the first earth-orbiting instrument to be flown under NASA's New Millenium program. The ALI employs novel wide-angle optics and a multispectral and panchromatic spectrometer. EO-1 is a technology verification project designed to demonstrate comparable or improved Landsat spatial and spectral resolution with substantial...

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