Thunderstorm-related delays dominate the overall U.S. airspace delay statistics and continue to increase, even though a number of new weather information systems and air traffic management (ATM) decision support tools have been deployed since 1999. Operational decision makers must mitigate the network congestion that arises from rapidly varying capacity loss in both en route and terminal airspace. Improving decision making in such an environment requires explicitly considering airspace structure, network impacts, forecast uncertainty and pilot preferences for weather avoidance. To date, the NextGen initiative has focused on envisioning an operational concept and research agenda for 2025 where it is assumed that aircraft separation and weather avoidance is accomplished using a high degree of automation. In this paper, we consider research to achieve significant improvements in the near term (2010-2015) where aircraft separation is provided largely by controllers and hazardous weather avoidance is accomplished by pilots using visual cues, reports from other aircraft, on board weather radar and ATC advisories. We briefly review the current status of work in key areas and then suggest major near term initiatives. Key elements of the research program to be discussed include: 1. Translation of convective weather products into ATC impacts (including handling of uncertainty in the convective weather forecasts). Initial models for en route pilot avoidance of storms and sector capacity in convective weather have shown promising results, but clearly much more research is needed in this area. 2. Determining when and where available capacity was not appropriately utilized during convective events, based on both facility observations during storm events and computations of avoidable delay. Preliminary results suggest that much of today's delay is in fact avoidable. 3. Developing integrated weather-ATM decision support tools (DST) to enable decision makers to more fully utilize available capacity. The accuracy of contemporary convective weather forecasts is a key issue in the design of such systems. Initial operational experience with a departure decision support tool will be discussed to illustrate key points. 4. Explicitly considering the human side of convective weather ATM [e.g., how individuals make real time decisions in collaboration with other decision makers (e.g., ATC, airlines, dispatch, pilots)]. Recent results from field usage of convective weather decision support tools will be interpreted in the context of recent literature on how people actually make decisions and perform cognitively complex functions in demanding situations.