Publications

Disasters annually cost the U.S. billions of dollars in direct costs and economic loss. In particular, the increasing frequency and intensity of natural hazard incidents, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and wildfires, strains the nation's emergency management enterprise. Knowing that the current approach to emergency management is unsustainable, practitioners and policy makers look to use new tools and technologies to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. One of those technologies is satellite remote sensing. As persistent assets with a wide area collection ability and a variety of viable sensing modalities, satellites seem positioned to shed light on the nature of disaster impacts and support decisions made in the first 24 hours after disasters happen. Satellites are particularly promising for providing information on incidents that occur slowly and in rural areas. However, satellite imagery supports early response decisions and operations for only the most severe incidents in the U.S. This report explores reasons satellite imagery is under-utilized in domestic disaster response and proposes ideas toward solutions. Through systems engineering, combined with quantitative modeling and prototyping, this report offers the following. 1. An analysis of stakeholder decisions and use cases for satellite remote sensing in disasters 2. An evaluation of requirements for imagery and derived data products to support decisions 3. A description and demonstration of a concept of operations and high-level system architecture.

This report is motivated by the recognition that serving highly distributed electric power load in Puerto Rico during extreme events requires innovative methods. To do this, we must determine the type and locations of the most critical equipment, innovative methods, and software for operating the electrical system most effectively. It is well recognized that the existing system needs to be both hardened and further enhanced by deploying Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), solar photovoltaics (PV) in particular, and local reconfigurable microgrids to manage these newly deployed DERs. While deployment of microgrids and DERs has been advocated by many, there is little fundamental understanding how to operate Puerto Rico’s electrical system in a way that effectively uses DERs during both normal operations and grid failures. Utility companies’ traditional reliability requirements and operational risk management practices rely on excessive amounts of centralized reserve generation to anticipate failures, which increases the cost of normal operations and nullifies the potential of DERs to meet loads during grid failures. At present, no electric power utility has a ready-to-use framework that overcomes these limitations. This report seeks to fill this void.