Publications

Laser strikes against aircraft are increasing at an alarming rate, driven by the availability of cheap powerful lasers and a lack of deterrence due to the challenges of locating and apprehending perpetrators. Although window coatings and pilot goggles effectively block laser light, uptake has been low due to high cost and pilot reluctance. This paper describes the development and testing of a proof-of-concept ground based sensor system to rapidly geolocate the origin of a laser beam in a protected region of airspace and disseminate this information to law enforcement to allow a timely and targeted response. Geolocation estimates with accuracies of better than 20 m have been demonstrated within 30 seconds of an event at a range of 8.9 nmi with a 450 mW laser. Recommendations for an operational prototype at an airport are also described.

We have developed a noncontact, photothermal materials characterization method based on visible-light speckle imaging. This technique is applied to remotely measure the infrared absorption spectra of materials and to discriminate materials based on their thermal conductivities. A wavelength-tunable (7.5-8.7 um), intensity-modulated, quantum cascade pump laser and a continuous-wave 532 nm probe laser illuminate a sample surface such that the two laser spots overlap. Surface absorption of the intensity-modulated pump laser induces a time-varying thermoelastic surface deformation, resulting in a time-varying 532 nm scattering speckle field from the surface. The speckle modulation amplitude, derived from a series of visible camera images, is found to correlate with the amplitude of the surface motion. By tuning the pump laser's wavelength over a molecular absorption feature, the amplitude spectrum of the speckle modulation is found to correlate to the IR absorption spectrum. As an example, we demonstrate this technique for spectroscopic identification of thin polymeric films. Furthermore, by adjusting the rate of modulation of the pump beam and measuring the associated modulation transfer to the visible speckle pattern, information about the thermal time constants of surface and sub-surface features can be revealed. Using this approach, we demonstrate the ability to distinguish between different materials (including metals, semiconductors, and insulators) based on differences in their thermal conductivities.

We present design, packaging and coherent beam combining of quantum cascade amplifier (QCA) arrays, measurements of QCA phase noise, the drive-current-to-optical-phase transfer function, and the small signal gain for QCAs.

We present an approach for rational design and optimization of plasmonic arrays for ultrasensitive surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy of specific protein analytes. Motivated by our previous work that demonstrated sub-attomole detection of surface-bound silk fibroin [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 19227 (2009)], we introduce here a general framework that allows for the numerical optimization of metamaterial sensor designs in order to maximize the absorbance signal. A critical feature of our method is the explicit compensation for the perturbative effects of the analyte's refractive index which alters the resonance frequency and line-shape of the metamaterial response, thereby leading to spectral distortion in SEIRA signatures. As an example, we leverage our method to optimize the geometry of periodic arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles on both Si and CaF2 substrates. The optimal geometries result in a three-order of magnitude absorbance enhancement compared to an unstructured Au layer, with the CaF2 substrate offering an additional factor of three enhancement in absorbance over a traditional Si substrate. The latter improvement arises from increase of near-field intensity over the Au nanobar surface for the lower index substrate. Finally, we perform sensitivity analysis for our optimized arrays to predict the effects of fabrication imperfections. We find that