Publications
Improved GMM-based language recognition using constrained MLLR transforms
March 30, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
Proc. 33rd IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and SIgnal Processing, ICASSP, 30 March - 4 April 2008, pp. 4149-4152.
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In this paper we describe the application of a feature-space transform based on constrained maximum likelihood linear regression for unsupervised compensation of channel and speaker variability to the language recognition problem. We show that use of such transforms can improve baseline GMM-based language recognition performance on the 2005 NIST Language Recognition Evaluation (LRE05) task by 38%. Furthermore, gains from CMLLR are additive with other modeling enhancements such as vocal tract length normalization (VTLN). Further improvement is obtained using discriminative training, and it is shown that a system using only CMLLR adaption produces state-of-the-art accuracy with decreased test-time computational cost than systems using VTLN.
Summary
In this paper we describe the application of a feature-space transform based on constrained maximum likelihood linear regression for unsupervised compensation of channel and speaker variability to the language recognition problem. We show that use of such transforms can improve baseline GMM-based language recognition performance on the 2005 NIST Language...
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Experimental demonstration of remote optical detection of trace explosives.
March 18, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
SPIE Vol. 6954, Chemical, Biologica, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing IX, 18-20 March 2008, 695407.
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MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed a concept that could enable remote (10s of meters) detection of trace explosives' residues via a field-portable laser system. The technique relies upon laser-induced photodissociation of nitro-bearing explosives into vibrationally excited nitric oxide (NO) fragments. Subsequent optical probing of the first vibrationally excited state at 236 nm yields narrowband fluorescence at the shorter wavelength of 226 nm. With proper optical filtering, these photons provide a highly sensitive explosives signature that is not susceptible to interference from traditional optical clutter sources (e.g., red-shifted fluorescence). Quantitative measurements of trace residues of TNT have been performed demonstrating this technique using a breadboard system, which relies upon a pulsed optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based laser. Based on these results, performance projections for a fieldable system are made.
Summary
MIT Lincoln Laboratory has developed a concept that could enable remote (10s of meters) detection of trace explosives' residues via a field-portable laser system. The technique relies upon laser-induced photodissociation of nitro-bearing explosives into vibrationally excited nitric oxide (NO) fragments. Subsequent optical probing of the first vibrationally excited state at...
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Analytic theory of power law graphs
March 12, 2008
Abstract
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SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing
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An analytical theory of power law graphs is presented basedon the Kronecker graph generation technique. The analysisuses Kronecker exponentials of complete bipartite graphsto formulate the sub-structure of such graphs. This allows various high level quantities (e.g. degree distribution,betweenness centrality, diameter, eigenvalues, and isoparametric ratio) to be computed directly from the model pa-rameters. The implications of this work on “clustering”and “dendragram” heuristics are also discussed.
Summary
An analytical theory of power law graphs is presented basedon the Kronecker graph generation technique. The analysisuses Kronecker exponentials of complete bipartite graphsto formulate the sub-structure of such graphs. This allows various high level quantities (e.g. degree distribution,betweenness centrality, diameter, eigenvalues, and isoparametric ratio) to be computed directly from the...
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Integration of high-speed surface-channel charge coupled devices into an SOI CMOS process using strong phase shift lithography
February 26, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
SPIE Vol. 6924, Optical Microlithography XXI, 26-27 February 2008, pp. 69244R.
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To enable development of novel signal processing circuits, a high-speed surface-channel charge coupled device (CCD) process has been co-integrated with the Lincoln Laboratory 180-nm RF fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) CMOS technology. The CCDs support charge transfer clock speeds in excess of 1 GHz while maintaining high charge transfer efficiency (CTE). Both the CCD and CMOS gates are formed using a single-poly process, with CCD gates isolated by a narrow phase-shift-defined gap. CTE is strongly dependent on tight control of the gap critical dimension (CD). In this paper we review the tradeoffs encountered in the co-integration of the CCD and CMOS technologies. The effect of partial coherence on gap resolution and pattern fidelity is discussed. The impact of asymmetric bias due to phase error and phase shift mask (PSM) sidewall effects is presented, along with adopted mitigation strategies. Issues relating to CMOS pattern fidelity and CD control in the double patterning process are also discussed. Since some signal processing CCD structures involve two-dimensional transfer paths, many required geometries present phase compliance and trim engineering challenges. Approaches for implementing noncompliant geometries, such as T shapes, are described, and the impact of various techniques on electrical performance is discussed.
Summary
To enable development of novel signal processing circuits, a high-speed surface-channel charge coupled device (CCD) process has been co-integrated with the Lincoln Laboratory 180-nm RF fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) CMOS technology. The CCDs support charge transfer clock speeds in excess of 1 GHz while maintaining high charge transfer efficiency (CTE)...
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Polymer matrix effects on acid generation
February 24, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
SPIE Vol. 6923, Advances in Resist Materials and Processing Technology XXV, 24-29 February 2008, 692319.
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Summary
We have measured the acid generation efficiency with EUV exposure of a PAG in different polymer matrixes representing the main classes of resist polymers as well as some previously described fluoropolymers for lithographic applications. The polymer matrix was found to have a significant effect on the acid generation efficiency of the PAG studied. A linear relationship exists between the absorbance of the resist and the acid generation efficiency. A second inverse relationship exists between Dill C and aromatic content of the resist polymer. It was shown that polymer sensitization is important for acid generation with EUV exposure and the Dill C parameter can be increased by up to five times with highly absorbing non-aromatic polymers, such as non-aromatic fluoropolymers, over an ESCAP polymer. The increase in the Dill C value will lead to an up to five fold increase in resist sensitivity. It is our expectation that these insights into the nature of polymer matrix effects on acid generation could lead to increased sensitivity for EUV resists.
Summary
We have measured the acid generation efficiency with EUV exposure of a PAG in different polymer matrixes representing the main classes of resist polymers as well as some previously described fluoropolymers for lithographic applications. The polymer matrix was found to have a significant effect on the acid generation efficiency of...
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X-band receiver front-end chip in silicon germanium technology
January 23, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
2008 IEEE Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, 23-25 January 2008.
Summary
This paper reports a demonstration of X-band receiver RF front-end components and the integrated chipset implemented in 0.18 mum silicon germanium (SiGe) technology. The system architecture consists of a single down conversion from X-band at the input to S-band at the intermediate frequency (IF) output. The microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) includes an X-band low noise amplifier, lead-lag splitter, balanced amplifiers, double balanced mixer, absorptive filter, and an IF amplifier. The integrated chip achieved greater than 30 dB of gain and less than 6 dB of noise figure.
Summary
This paper reports a demonstration of X-band receiver RF front-end components and the integrated chipset implemented in 0.18 mum silicon germanium (SiGe) technology. The system architecture consists of a single down conversion from X-band at the input to S-band at the intermediate frequency (IF) output. The microwave monolithic integrated circuit...
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Modeling convective weather avoidance in enroute airspace
January 20, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
13th Conf. on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, ARAM, 20-24 January 2008.
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It is generally agreed that effective management of convective weather in congested airspace requires decision support tools that translate the weather products and forecasts into forecasts of ATC impacts and then use those ATC impact forecasts to suggest air traffic management strategies. In future trajectory-based operations, it will be necessary to automatically generate flight trajectories through or around convective weather that pilots will find acceptable. A critical first step, needed in both today's air traffic management environment and in the highly automated systems of the future, is a validated model for airspace that pilots will seek to avoid. At the 12th Conference on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology (Atlanta, 2006), we reported on an initial Convective Weather Avoidance Model (CWAM1) (DeLaura and Evans; 2006). The CWAM1 outputs are three dimensional deterministic and probabilistic weather avoidance fields (WAFs). CWAM1 used Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) VIL and echo top fields and National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) data to predict aircraft deviations and penetration. CWAM1 was developed using more than 500 aircraft-convective weather encounters in the Indianapolis Air Route Traffic Control Center (ZID ARTCC) airspace. CWAM1 gave the greatest weight to the difference between flight altitude and the 18 dbZ radar echo top with precipitation intensity playing a secondary role. The deviation prediction error rate in CWAM1 was approximately 25%. This paper presents a new model (CWAM2), based on the analysis of trajectories from several ARTCCs [Indianapolis (ZID), Cleveland (ZOB) and meteorological deviation predictors. Additional weather factors that are considered include vertical storm structure (upper level reflectivity and the height of the VIL centroid derived from the NSSL 3D reflectivity mosaic), vertical and horizontal storm growth, the spatial variation in VIL and echo top fields and storm motion.
Summary
It is generally agreed that effective management of convective weather in congested airspace requires decision support tools that translate the weather products and forecasts into forecasts of ATC impacts and then use those ATC impact forecasts to suggest air traffic management strategies. In future trajectory-based operations, it will be necessary...
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A wind forecast algorithm to support Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures (WTMD)
January 20, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
13th Conf. on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, ARAM, 20-24 January 2008.
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Turbulence associated with wake vortices generated by arriving and departing aircraft poses a potential safety risk to other nearby aircraft, and as such this potential risk may apply to aircraft operating on Closely Spaced Parallel Runways (CSPRs). Aircraft separation standards are imposed to mitigate this potential risk. The FAA and NASA are investigating application of wind-dependent procedures for improved departure operations that would safely reduce spacing restrictions to allow increased airport operating capacity. These procedures are referred to collectively as Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures (WTMD). An important component of WTMD is a Wind Forecast Algorithm (WFA) developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The algorithm is designed to predict when runway crosswind conditions will remain persistently favorable to preclude transport of aircraft departure wakes into the path of aircraft on parallel runways (Figure 1). The algorithm has two distinct components for predicting the winds at the surface (33 ft) and aloft up to 1000 ft (the altitude by which an alternate form of separation would be applied by Air Traffic Control to aircraft departing the parallel runways, typically 15 degree or greater divergence in aircraft paths). The surface component forecast applies a statistical approach using recent observations of winds from 1-minute ASOS observations. The winds-aloft component relies on the 2 to 4 hour wind forecasts from NCEP's Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model. The baseline version of the algorithm was developed and tested using data from St. Louis Lambert International Airport (STL). Algorithm performance was evaluated using 1-minute ASOS observations and crosswind component measurements taken from a dedicated Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system. The algorithm was also demonstrated and evaluated at Houston George Bush International Airport (IAH). Use of the WFA is planned for 8 other airports deemed likely to derive significant benefit from WTMD procedures. The operational concept of WTMD for use by Air Traffic Control (ATC) includes additional decision levels beyond the WFA forecast. These include a check for VFR ceiling and visibility conditions, and final enablement by a human controller. More details concerning WTMD can be found in Lang et al. (2005) and Lang et al. (2007). A more complete description of the WFA is given in Robasky and Clark (2008). The early history of WFA development is detailed in Cole and Winkler (2004).
Summary
Turbulence associated with wake vortices generated by arriving and departing aircraft poses a potential safety risk to other nearby aircraft, and as such this potential risk may apply to aircraft operating on Closely Spaced Parallel Runways (CSPRs). Aircraft separation standards are imposed to mitigate this potential risk. The FAA and...
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Comparison of Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model crosswinds with LIDAR crosswind measurements at St. Louis Lambert International Airport
January 20, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
13th Conf. on Aviation, Range and Aerospace Meteorology, ARAM, 20-24 January 2008.
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Summary
Turbulence associated with wake vortices generated by arriving and departing aircraft pose a potential safety risk to other nearby aircraft, and as such this potential risk may apply to aircraft operating on Closely Spaced Parallel Runways (CSPRs). To take wake vortex behavior into account, current aircraft departing/landing standards require a safe distance behind the wake generating aircraft at which operations can be conducted. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have initiated an improved wake avoidance solution, referred to as Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures (WTMD). The process is designed to safely increase runway capacity via actively monitoring wind conditions that impact wake behavior (Hallock, et al., 1998; Lang et al., 2005). An important component of WTMD is a Wind Forecast Algorithm (WFA) being developed by MIT Lincoln Laboratory (Cole & Winkler, 2004). The WFA predicts runway crosswinds from the surface up to a height of approximately ~300 m (1000 ft) once per minute and thus forecasts when winds favorable for WTMD will persist long enough for safe procedures for a particular runway (Lang et al., 2007). The algorithm uses 1–4 hr wind forecasts from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NOAA/NCEP) for upper atmospheric wind profiles. Detailed description of the RUC model can be found elsewhere (Benjamin et al., 1994; 2004a; 2004b). Briefly, the RUC model inputs are assimilations of high frequency observations from a suite of meteorological sensors, including Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), rawinsonde profiles, satellite, airborne sensors from commercial aircraft, etc. The vertical layers of the atmosphere are resolved approximately isentropically. The model is run hourly, producing hourly forecasts out to 24 hours. The coverage of the RUC grid includes the continental United States, southern Canada, northern Mexico, and adjacent coastal waters. Here we evaluate the performance of RUC in predicting crosswinds with reliability sufficient to support WTMD. For RUC validation, in situ wind profile data were obtained from a Light Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) deployed at St. Louis Lambert International Airport (STL). The focus of this study is to provide a general quantitative characterization of the difference between RUC predictions and LIDAR measurements of the runway crosswinds. Particular attention was given to cases with inaccurate RUC crosswind forecasts, and cases when significant horizontal and vertical shears occur during situations of convective weather or proximity to large scale weather features, e.g., air mass fronts. (In practice, WTMD procedures and existing weather sources in the Control Tower will manage, to an acceptable level of risk, the hazard exposure associated with the extreme wind shift examples presented here.) Also included was examination of performance degradation with longer RUC forecast horizons and coarser horizontal resolutions, which may be relevant with regard to actual operational forecast data availability, or future applications of the operational concept to include arrival operations. A detailed report for this study is also available (Huang et al., 2007).
Summary
Turbulence associated with wake vortices generated by arriving and departing aircraft pose a potential safety risk to other nearby aircraft, and as such this potential risk may apply to aircraft operating on Closely Spaced Parallel Runways (CSPRs). To take wake vortex behavior into account, current aircraft departing/landing standards require a...
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Consolidated storm prediction for aviation (CoSPA)
January 20, 2008
Conference Paper
Published in:
Proc. of the 2008 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conf., 20-24 January 2008.
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Research over the last 10 years primarily funded by the FAA Aviation Weather Research Program (AWRP) has led to very successful development of forecasts of both convective and winter storms, using heuristic and numerical models, for aviation applications. We have reached a point where there are several overlapping capabilities, and the smorgasbord of choices has become confusing. Moreover, aviation-impacting winter and summer conditions can exist simultaneously - even within a single terminal area - so a consolidated forecast must work equally well for all storm conditions. Advances in computing and communications allow incorporation of new observing systems and scientific advancements in data assimilation and modeling toward large-scale, very high resolution forecast systems that were prohibitive just 10 years ago. Other government agencies, in addition to FAA, have needs for aviation-oriented forecasts, including at least the National Weather Service, NASA, Homeland Defense, Air Force and other DoD agencies. Further efficiencies will be realized by consolidating such efforts as well. These goals are well-aligned with the goals of the Next Generation Air Transportation System and its Joint Program and Development Office. The FAA Aviation Weather Research Program is leading development of the new Consolidated Storm Prediction for Aviation (CoSPA) effort, which will combine aviation-oriented storm research in a coordinated fashion, with the goal of eventually replacing operational legacy storm diagnostic and forecast products, as appropriate, that are also geared toward aviation (see Appendix A). While many of the current storm prediction products are derived using NOAA model forecast data, especially from the hourly updated 13-km Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model over CONUS, CoSPA products will be related to a new generation of NOAA models now assimilating radar reflectivity and lightning, including the Rapid Refresh, its proposed nest - the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), and ensemble-based products from both. A kick-off meeting was held in June 2006 to discuss AWRP?s concepts for a consolidated aviation forecast, and to understand unmet user needs, major scientific development issues, and also to begin to explore issues associated with production and dissemination of a consolidated forecast. These findings are summarized below.
Summary
Research over the last 10 years primarily funded by the FAA Aviation Weather Research Program (AWRP) has led to very successful development of forecasts of both convective and winter storms, using heuristic and numerical models, for aviation applications. We have reached a point where there are several overlapping capabilities, and...
READ MORE