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CIWS product description, revision 1.0

Author:
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-355

Summary

Lincoln Laboratory has developed a set of information models for the encoding and distribution of data products from the National Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) prototype, currently operating at Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. CIWS data products can be categorized as gridded and non-gridded. Gridded products are typically expressed as rectangular arrays whose elements contain a data value coinciding with uniformly-spaced observations or computed results on a 2-D surface. Gridded data arrays map to earth's surface through a map projection, for example, Lambert Conformal or Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area. Non-gridded data products express observations or computed results associated with singular or sparsely distributed sets of geo-spatial locations such as points, curves, or contours. CIWS prototype data products were used to develop, refine, and evaluate reference information models for the CIWS gridded and non-gridded data. Data packaging methods were evaluated and selected on the basis of public-domain open-source availability and metadata support. Network Common Data Format (NetCDF), provided by Unidata, was selected as the information model for gridded CIWS products. For the non-gridded products, XML schemas have been developed along with sample XML instances to illustrate schema-compliant product encodings. These models follow and extend upon a number of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and ISO standards including Geography Markup Language (GML), Observations and Measurements (OM), and Eurocontrol's Weather Exchange Model (WXXM). This document is intended to serve as a reference for the description of CIWS data product files.
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Summary

Lincoln Laboratory has developed a set of information models for the encoding and distribution of data products from the National Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) prototype, currently operating at Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. CIWS data products can be categorized as gridded and non-gridded. Gridded products are typically expressed as...

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The application of statistical relational learning to a database of criminal and terrorist activity

Published in:
SIAM Conf. on Data Mining, 29 April - 1 May 2010.

Summary

We apply statistical relational learning to a database of criminal and terrorist activity to predict attributes and event outcomes. The database stems from a collection of news articles and court records which are carefully annotated with a variety of variables, including categorical and continuous fields. Manual analysis of this data can help inform decision makers seeking to curb violent activity within a region. We use this data to build relational models from historical data to predict attributes of groups, individuals, or events. Our first example involves predicting social network roles within a group under a variety of different data conditions. Collective classification can be used to boost the accuracy under data poor conditions. Additionally, we were able to predict the outcome of hostage negotiations using models trained on previous kidnapping events. The overall framework and techniques described here are flexible enough to be used to predict a variety of variables. Such predictions could be used as input to a more complex system to recognize intent of terrorist groups or as input to inform human decision makers.
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Summary

We apply statistical relational learning to a database of criminal and terrorist activity to predict attributes and event outcomes. The database stems from a collection of news articles and court records which are carefully annotated with a variety of variables, including categorical and continuous fields. Manual analysis of this data...

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Data diodes in support of trustworthy cyber infrastructure

Published in:
6th Annual Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research Workshop, Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Challenges and Strategies, CSIIRW10, 21 April 2010.

Summary

Interconnections between process control networks and enterprise networks has resulted in the proliferation of standard communication protocols in industrial control systems which exposes instrumentation, control systems, and the critical infrastructure components they operate to a variety of cyber attacks. Various standards and technologies have been proposed to protect industrial control systems against cyber attacks and to provide them with confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Among these technologies, data diodes provide protection of critical systems by the means of physically enforcing traffic direction on the network. In order to deploy data diodes effectively, it is imperative to understand the protection they provide, the protection they do not provide, their limitations, and their place in the larger security infrastructure. In this work, we briefly review the security challenges in an industrial control system, study data diodes, their functionalities and limitations, and propose a scheme for their effective deployment in trusted process control networks (TPCNs.)
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Summary

Interconnections between process control networks and enterprise networks has resulted in the proliferation of standard communication protocols in industrial control systems which exposes instrumentation, control systems, and the critical infrastructure components they operate to a variety of cyber attacks. Various standards and technologies have been proposed to protect industrial control...

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Improved Monte Carlo sampling for conflict probability estimation

Published in:
51st AIAA/ASME/AHS/ACS Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf., 12-15 April 2010.

Summary

Probabilistic alerting systems for airborne collision avoidance often depend upon accurate estimates of the probability of conflict. Analytical, numerical approximation, and Monte Carlo methods have been applied to conflict probability estimation. The advantage of a Monte Carlo approach is the greater flexibility afforded in modeling the stochastic behavior of aircraft encounters, but typically many samples are required to provide an adequate conflict probability estimate. One approach to improve accuracy with fewer samples is to use importance sampling, where trajectories are sampled according to a proposal distribution that is different from the one specified by the model. This paper suggests several different sample proposal distributions and demonstrates how they result in significantly improved estimates.
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Summary

Probabilistic alerting systems for airborne collision avoidance often depend upon accurate estimates of the probability of conflict. Analytical, numerical approximation, and Monte Carlo methods have been applied to conflict probability estimation. The advantage of a Monte Carlo approach is the greater flexibility afforded in modeling the stochastic behavior of aircraft...

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Hybridization process for back-illuminated silicon Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode arrays

Published in:
SPIE Vol. 7681, Advanced Photon Counting Techniques IV, 5 April 2010, 76810P.

Summary

We present a unique hybridization process that permits high-performance back-illuminated silicon Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM-APDs) to be bonded to custom CMOS readout integrated circuits (ROICs) - a hybridization approach that enables independent optimization of the GM-APD arrays and the ROICs. The process includes oxide bonding of silicon GM-APD arrays to a transparent support substrate followed by indium bump bonding of this layer to a signal-processing ROIC. This hybrid detector approach can be used to fabricate imagers with high-fill-factor pixels and enhanced quantum efficiency in the near infrared as well as large-pixel-count, small-pixel-pitch arrays with pixel-level signal processing. In addition, the oxide bonding is compatible with high-temperature processing steps that can be used to lower dark current and improve optical response in the ultraviolet.
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Summary

We present a unique hybridization process that permits high-performance back-illuminated silicon Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM-APDs) to be bonded to custom CMOS readout integrated circuits (ROICs) - a hybridization approach that enables independent optimization of the GM-APD arrays and the ROICs. The process includes oxide bonding of silicon GM-APD arrays to...

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Noncontact detection of homemade explosive constituents via photodissociation followed by laser-induced fluorescence

Published in:
Opt. Express, Vol. 18, No. 6, 15 March 2010, pp. 5399-5406.

Summary

Noncontact detection of the homemade explosive constituents urea nitrate, nitromethane and ammonium nitrate is achieved using photodissociation followed by laser-induced fluorescence (PD-LIF). Our technique utilizes a single ultraviolet laser pulse (~7 ns) to vaporize and photodissociate the condensed-phase materials, and then to detect the resulting vibrationally-excited NO fragments via laser-induced fluorescence. PD-LIF excitation and emission spectra indicate the creation of NO in vibrationally-excited states with significant rotational energy, useful for low-background detection of the parent compound. The results for homemade explosives are compared to one another and 2,6- dinitrotoluene, a component present in many military explosives.
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Summary

Noncontact detection of the homemade explosive constituents urea nitrate, nitromethane and ammonium nitrate is achieved using photodissociation followed by laser-induced fluorescence (PD-LIF). Our technique utilizes a single ultraviolet laser pulse (~7 ns) to vaporize and photodissociate the condensed-phase materials, and then to detect the resulting vibrationally-excited NO fragments via laser-induced...

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Detection and simulation of scenarios with hidden Markov models and event dependency graphs

Published in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP, 15 March 2010, pp. 5434-5437.

Summary

The wide availability of signal processing and language tools to extract structured data from raw content has created a new opportunity for the processing of structured signals. In this work, we explore models for the simulation and recognition of scenarios - i.e., time sequences of structured data. For simulation, we construct two models - hidden Markov models (HMMs) and event dependency graphs. Combined, these two simulation methods allow the specification of dependencies in event ordering, simultaneous execution of multiple scenarios, and evolving networks of data. For scenario recognition, we consider the application of multi-grained HMMs. We explore, in detail, mismatch between training scenarios and simulated test scenarios. The methods are applied to terrorist scenario detection with a simulation coded by a subject matter expert.
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Summary

The wide availability of signal processing and language tools to extract structured data from raw content has created a new opportunity for the processing of structured signals. In this work, we explore models for the simulation and recognition of scenarios - i.e., time sequences of structured data. For simulation, we...

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Preserving the character of perturbations in scaled pitch contours

Published in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP, 5 March 2010, pp. 417-420.

Summary

The global and fine dynamic components of a pitch contour in voice production, as in the speaking and singing voice, are important for both the meaning and character of an utterance. In speech, for example, slow pitch inflections, rapid pitch accents, and irregular regions all comprise the pitch contour. In applications where all components of a pitch contour are stretched or compressed in the same way, as for example in time-scale modification, an unnatural scaled contour may result. In this paper, we develop a framework for scaling pitch contours, motivated by the goal of maintaining naturalness in time-scale modification of voice. Specifically, we develop a multi-band algorithm to independently modify the slow trajectory and fast perturbation components of a contour for a more natural synthesis, and we present examples where pitch contours representative of speaking and singing voice are lengthened. In the speaking voice, the frequency content of flutter or irregularity is maintained, while slow pitch inflection is simply stretched or compressed. In the singing voice, rapid vibrato is preserved while slower note-to-note variation is scaled as desired.
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Summary

The global and fine dynamic components of a pitch contour in voice production, as in the speaking and singing voice, are important for both the meaning and character of an utterance. In speech, for example, slow pitch inflections, rapid pitch accents, and irregular regions all comprise the pitch contour. In...

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Kalman filter based speech synthesis

Author:
Published in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP, 15 March 2010, pp. 4618-4621.

Summary

Preliminary results are reported from a very simple speech-synthesis system based on clustered-diphone Kalman Filter based modeling of line-spectral frequency based features. Parameters were estimated using maximum-likelihood EM training, with a constraint enforced that prevented eigenvalue magnitudes in the transition matrix from exceeding 1. Frames of training data were assigned diphone unit labels by forced alignment with an HMM recognition system. The HMM cluster tree was also used for Kalman Filter unit cluster assignments. The result is a simple synthesis system that has few parameters, synthesizes intelligible speech without audible discontinuities, and that can be adapted using MLLR techniques to support synthesis of a broad panoply of speakers from a single base model with small amounts of training data. The result is interesting for embedded synthesis applications.
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Summary

Preliminary results are reported from a very simple speech-synthesis system based on clustered-diphone Kalman Filter based modeling of line-spectral frequency based features. Parameters were estimated using maximum-likelihood EM training, with a constraint enforced that prevented eigenvalue magnitudes in the transition matrix from exceeding 1. Frames of training data were assigned...

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The MITLL NIST LRE 2009 language recognition system

Published in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP, 15 March 2010, pp. 4994-4997.

Summary

This paper presents a description of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory language recognition system submitted to the NIST 2009 Language Recognition Evaluation (LRE). This system consists of a fusion of three core recognizers, two based on spectral similarity and one based on tokenization. The 2009 LRE differed from previous ones in that test data included narrowband segments from worldwide Voice of America broadcasts as well as conventional recorded conversational telephone speech. Results are presented for the 23-language closed-set and open-set detection tasks at the 30, 10, and 3 second durations along with a discussion of the language-pair task. On the 30 second 23-language closed set detection task, the system achieved a 1.64 average error rate.
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Summary

This paper presents a description of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory language recognition system submitted to the NIST 2009 Language Recognition Evaluation (LRE). This system consists of a fusion of three core recognizers, two based on spectral similarity and one based on tokenization. The 2009 LRE differed from previous ones in...

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