Publications
ASR-9 refractivity measurements using ground targets
November 13, 2006
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-328
Summary
Weather radars rely on the presence of radiowave scattering entities such as hydrometeors and insects to sense the dynamic evolution of the atmosphere. Under clear-air, low-reflectivity conditions, when no such "visible" tracers are present, air mass boundaries such as the outflow edge of a dry microburst may go undetected. Recently, a radar data processing technique was developed to estimate the near-ground atmospheric refractivity field using ground targets. Refractivity is dependent on the moist thermodynamic variables of the atmosphere and, thus, can be used to detect air mass changes and boundaries. In this study, we apply this technique for the first time to Airport Surveillance Radar-9 (ASR-9) Weather Systems Processor (WSP) data. Comparisons with measurements from a meteorological station show good consistency. The potential exists for improving the capability of the WSP to detect low-reflectivity wind-shear phenomena by adding interest information provided by the estimated refractivity field. Adequate computational power is the sole requirement for implementing this scheme; aside from that, no alteration or addition is necessary to the ASR-9 hardware. Its primary weakness is the sensitivity to vertical variation in refractivity and variance of target height. It also has a limited range of coverage (~20 km), but that is acceptable for terminal-area coverage. Further testing is needed during more appropriate meteorological conditions and at other sites to prove that dry wind-shear events can really be detected in the derived refractivity field by this class of radar, and that the technique is robust under various topographical settings.
Summary
Weather radars rely on the presence of radiowave scattering entities such as hydrometeors and insects to sense the dynamic evolution of the atmosphere. Under clear-air, low-reflectivity conditions, when no such "visible" tracers are present, air mass boundaries such as the outflow edge of a dry microburst may go undetected. Recently...
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SFO marine stratus forecast system documentation
October 17, 2006
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-319
Summary
San Francisco International Airport (SFO) experiences frequent low ceiling conditions during the summer season due to marine stratus clouds. Stratus in the approach zone prevents dual approaches to the airport??s closely spaced parallel runways, effectively reducing arrival capacity by half. The stratus typically behaves on a daily cycle, with dissipation occurring during the hours following sunrise. Often the low ceiling conditions persist throughout the morning hours and interfere with the high rate of air traffic scheduled into SFO from mid-morning to early afternoon. Air traffic managers require accurate forecasts of clearing time to efficiently administer Ground Delay Programs (GDPs) to match the rate of arriving aircraft with expected capacity. The San Francisco Marine Stratus Forecast System was developed as a tool for anticipating the time of stratus clearing. The system relies on field-deployed sensors as well as routinely available regional surface observations and satellite data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-West). Data are collected, processed, and input to a suite of forecast models to predict the time that the approach zone will be sufficiently clear to perform dual approaches. Data observations and model forecasts are delivered to users on an interactive display accessible via the Internet. The system prototype was developed under the sponsorship of the FAA Aviation Weather Research Program (AWRP). MIT Lincoln Laboratory served as technical lead for the project, in collaboration with San Jose State University, the University of Quebec at Montreal, and the Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) at the Oakland Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). The National Weather Service (NWS), under the direction of the NWS Forecast Office in Monterey, assumed responsibility for operation and maintenance of the system following technical transfer in 2004. This document was compiled as a resource to support continuing system operation and maintenance.
Summary
San Francisco International Airport (SFO) experiences frequent low ceiling conditions during the summer season due to marine stratus clouds. Stratus in the approach zone prevents dual approaches to the airport??s closely spaced parallel runways, effectively reducing arrival capacity by half. The stratus typically behaves on a daily cycle, with dissipation...
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Assessment of air traffic control productivity enhancements from the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS)
June 30, 2006
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-325
Summary
The Air Traffic Control (ATC) productivity benefits attributed to the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) were assessed using real-time observations of CIWS product usage during three multi-day thunderstorm events in 2005 at eight U.S. Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs). CIWS improved ATC productivity by: reducing the time required to develop, coordinate, and implement weather impact mitigation plans; increasing the number of safety and capacity-enhancing plans that were executed (e.g., more efficient, proactive rerouting and greater ability to keep routes open; [and] assisting with FAA staffing decisions. Time savings per consecutive weather day for Traffic Management Coordinators (TMCs) in an ARTCC typically were 20-95 minutes. The overall frequency of capacity-enhancing decisions increased by 177% relative to the CIWS benefits study conducted in 2003. The annual CIWS delay savings are in excess of 92,000 hours. Corresponding airline direct operations cost (DOC) savings exceeded $94M and passenger value of time (PVT) savings exceeded $201M. Annual jet fuel savings exceeded 11M gallons. The ability of the Cleveland ARTCC to develop and execute weather impact mitigation plans improved significantly (e.g., by 50-80%) when CIWS products were available to Area Supervisors as well as to the TMCs.
Summary
The Air Traffic Control (ATC) productivity benefits attributed to the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) were assessed using real-time observations of CIWS product usage during three multi-day thunderstorm events in 2005 at eight U.S. Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs). CIWS improved ATC productivity by: reducing the time required to...
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Assessment of air traffic control productivity enhancements from the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) - executive summary
June 27, 2006
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-325-1
Summary
In an era of significant federal government budget austerity for civil aviation operations, it has become essential to improve Air Traffic Control (ATC) productivity. This report summarizes the results of an exploratory field measurement program conducted during summer 2005 to assess ATC productivity benefits of the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS). Real-time observations of CIWS product usage during multi-day thunderstorm events were carried out at eight U.S. Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC). The real time observations data were used in conjunction with specific in-depth case study analyses to assess the CIWS productivity enhancements associated with convective weather impact mitigation plan development and implementation. Comparisons of ARTCC operations between facilities with and without access to CIWS were alos made to further identify CIWS contributions to improved ATC productivity.
Summary
In an era of significant federal government budget austerity for civil aviation operations, it has become essential to improve Air Traffic Control (ATC) productivity. This report summarizes the results of an exploratory field measurement program conducted during summer 2005 to assess ATC productivity benefits of the Corridor Integrated Weather System...
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Advances in operational weather radar technology
June 1, 2006
Journal Article
Published in:
Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, June 2006, pp. 9-30.
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Summary
The U.S. aviation system makes extensive use of national operational Doppler weather radar networks. These are critical for the detection and forecasting of thunderstorms and other hazardous weather phenomena, and they provide dense, continuously updated measurements of precipitation and wind fields as inputs to high-resolution numerical weather prediction models. This article describes recent Lincoln Laboratory activities that significantly enhance the operational effectiveness of the nation's Doppler weather radar networks. An open radar controller and digital signal processor has been developed for the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR), which provides safety-critical low-altitude wind-shear warnings at large airports. This processor utilizes a small computer cluster architecture and standards-based software to realize high throughput and expansion capability. Innovative signal processing algorithms enabled by the new processor significantly improve the quality of the precipitation and wind measurements provided by TDWR. In a parallel effort, the Laboratory is working with engineers in the National Weather Service to augment the national NEXRAD Doppler weather radar network's algorithm suite. Laboratory staff develop and test enhancements directed at the aviation weather problem. Then they provide plug-and-play software to the NEXRAD second-level engineering support organization. This effort has substantially improved the operational value of NEXRAD data for the aviation system. Finally, we discuss nascent efforts to define a future multifunction radar network using an active-array architecture, which could realize the capabilities of today's multiple weather and air traffic control radar networks.
Summary
The U.S. aviation system makes extensive use of national operational Doppler weather radar networks. These are critical for the detection and forecasting of thunderstorms and other hazardous weather phenomena, and they provide dense, continuously updated measurements of precipitation and wind fields as inputs to high-resolution numerical weather prediction models. This...
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Advanced aviation weather forecasts
June 1, 2006
Journal Article
Published in:
Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, June 2006, pp. 31-58.
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The U.S. air transportation system faces a continuously growing gap between the demand for air transportation and the capacity to meet that demand. Two key obstacles to bridging this gap are traffic delays due to en route severe-weather conditions and airport weather conditions. Lincoln Laboratory has been addressing these traffic delays and related safety problems under the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Aviation Weather Research Program. Our research efforts involve real-time prototype forecast systems that provide immediate benefits to the FAA by allowing traffic managers to safely reduce delay. The prototypes also show the way toward bringing innovative applied meteorological research to future FAA operational capabilities. This article describes the recent major accomplishments of the Convective Weather and the Terminal Ceiling and Visibility Product Development Teams, both of which are led by scientists at Lincoln Laboratory.
Summary
The U.S. air transportation system faces a continuously growing gap between the demand for air transportation and the capacity to meet that demand. Two key obstacles to bridging this gap are traffic delays due to en route severe-weather conditions and airport weather conditions. Lincoln Laboratory has been addressing these traffic...
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Corridor Integrated Weather System
June 1, 2006
Journal Article
Published in:
Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, June 2006, pp. 59-80.
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Summary
Flight delays are now a major problem in the U.S. National Airspace System. A significant fraction of these delays are caused by reductions in en route capacity due to severe convective weather. The Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) is a fully automated weather analysis and forecasting system designed to support the development and execution of convective weather impact mitigation plans for congested en route airspace. The CIWS combines data from dozens of weather radars with satellite data, surface observations, and numerical weather models to dramatically improve the accuracy and timeliness of the storm severity information and to provide state-of-the-art, accurate, automated, high-resolution, animated three-dimensional forecasts of storms (including explicit detection of storm growth and decay). Real-time observations of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) decision making process during convective weather at Air Route Traffic Control Centers in the Midwest and Northeast have shown that the CIWS enables the FAA users to achieve more efficient tactical use of the airspace, reduce traffic manager workload, and significantly reduce delays. A real-time data-fusion architecture to assist in national deployment of CIWS is under development, and the CIWS products are being used in integrated air traffic management decision support systems.
Summary
Flight delays are now a major problem in the U.S. National Airspace System. A significant fraction of these delays are caused by reductions in en route capacity due to severe convective weather. The Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) is a fully automated weather analysis and forecasting system designed to support...
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Integrating advanced weather forecast technologies into air traffic management decision support
June 1, 2006
Journal Article
Published in:
Lincoln Laboratory Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, June 2006, pp. 81-96.
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Explicit integration of aviation weather forecasts with the National Airspace System (NAS) structure is needed to improve the development and execution of operationally effective weather impact mitigation plans and has become increasingly important due to NAS congestion and associated increases in delay. This article considers several contemporary weather-air traffic management (ATM) integration applications: the use of probabilistic forecasts of visibility at San Francisco, the Route Availability Planning Tool to facilitate departures from the New York airports during thunderstorms, the estimation of en route capacity in convective weather, and the application of mixed-integer optimization techniques to air traffic management when the en route and terminal capacities are varying with time because of convective weather impacts. Our operational experience at San Francisco and New York coupled with very promising initial results of traffic flow optimizations suggests that weather-ATM integrated systems warrant significant research and development investment. However, they will need to be refined through rapid prototyping at facilities with supportive operational users.
Summary
Explicit integration of aviation weather forecasts with the National Airspace System (NAS) structure is needed to improve the development and execution of operationally effective weather impact mitigation plans and has become increasingly important due to NAS congestion and associated increases in delay. This article considers several contemporary weather-air traffic management...
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Multifunction phased array radar pulse compression limits
April 25, 2006
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-327
Summary
An active phased array radar with distributed low-peak-power transmit modules requires pulse compression to provide high sensitivity and fine range resolution. A long transmitted pulse, however, has accompanying problems such as a near-range blind zone for the transmitting channel and a loss of other gate data (dead gates) in other channels for a multichannel system. In this report the trade-off between the benefits and costs of pulse compression (lengthening) for multifunction phased array radars (MPARs) are analyzed. Specific results are presented for a three-channel MPAR and a two-channel terminal-area MPAR (TMPAR) that have been proposed as replacement systems for current U.S. civil-sector aircraft anad weather surveillance radar systems. The recommended maximum compression ratio is 130 ofr the MPAR and 80 for the TMPAR. The results are independent of radar peak power and antenna gain, and represent upper bounds. Acutal pulse compression ratios that would be employed are likely to be somewhat less tha these values, based on fulfilling specific sensitivity and scan-time requirements with specific radar physical parameters.
Summary
An active phased array radar with distributed low-peak-power transmit modules requires pulse compression to provide high sensitivity and fine range resolution. A long transmitted pulse, however, has accompanying problems such as a near-range blind zone for the transmitting channel and a loss of other gate data (dead gates) in other...
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An exploratory study of modeling enroute pilot convective storm flight deviation behavior
February 2, 2006
Conference Paper
Published in:
12th Conf. on Aviation Range and Aerospace Meteorology, 2 February 2006.
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The optimization of traffic flows in highly congested airspace with rapidly varying convective weather is an extremely complex problem. Aviation weather systems such as the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) provide weather products and forecasts that aid en route traffic managers in making tactical routing decisions in convective weather, but traffic managers need automated decision support systems that integrate flight information, trajectory models and convective weather products to assist in developing and executing convective weather mitigation plans. A key element of an integrated ATM/wx decision support system is the ability to predict automatically when pilots in en route airspace will choose to deviate around convective weather and how far they will deviate from their planned path. The FAA Aeronautical Information Manual suggests that pilots avoid thunderstorms characterized by intense radar echo in en route airspace by at least 20 nautical miles (40 km). However, a recent study (Rhoda, et. al., 2002) of pilot behavior in both terminal and en route airspace near Memphis, TN suggested that pilots fly over high reflectivity cells in en route airspace and penetrate lower cells whose reflectivity is less than VIP level 3. Recent operational experience with CIWS supports the Rhoda findings (Robinson, et. al., 2004). This study presents initial results of research to develop a quantitative model that would predict when a pilot will deviate around convective weather in en route airspace. It also presents statistics that characterize hazard avoidance distances and weather penetrations. The results are based on the analysis of more than 800 flight trajectories through two Air Traffic Control (ATC) en route super-sectors (geographical regions that include several adjacent ATC en route sectors) on five days in the summer of 2003. One supersector from the Indianapolis Air Route Traffic Control Center (ZID ARTCC) encompassed southern Indiana, southwestern Ohio and northern Kentucky (ZID); the other, located in the Cleveland ARTCC (ZOB), included northern Ohio, along the southern shore of Lake Erie (ZOB). The weather encountered along the flight trajectories was characterized by the CIWS high-resolution precipitation (VIL) and radar echo tops mosaic (Klingle-Wilson and Evans, 2005) and NLDN lightning products. Flight trajectories were taken from the Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS).
Summary
The optimization of traffic flows in highly congested airspace with rapidly varying convective weather is an extremely complex problem. Aviation weather systems such as the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) provide weather products and forecasts that aid en route traffic managers in making tactical routing decisions in convective weather, but...
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