Publications
A photomixer local oscillator for a 630-GHz heterodyne receiver
June 1, 1999
Journal Article
Published in:
IEEE Microw. Guid. Wave Lett., Vol. 9, No. 6, June 1999, pp. 245-7.
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Summary
A photomixer local oscillator (LO) operating at the 630-GHz difference frequency of two laser diodes was successfully demonstrated with a heterodyne detector based on a niobium superconducting tunnel junction. The low-temperature-grown GaAs photomixer generated 0.20 uW in the input spatial mode of the receiver. Using the photmixer LO, the double-sideband noise temperature of the receiver was 331 K - in good agreement with the 323-K noise temperature obtained when a multiplied Gunn oscillator generating 0.25 uW was substituted for the photomixer.
Summary
A photomixer local oscillator (LO) operating at the 630-GHz difference frequency of two laser diodes was successfully demonstrated with a heterodyne detector based on a niobium superconducting tunnel junction. The low-temperature-grown GaAs photomixer generated 0.20 uW in the input spatial mode of the receiver. Using the photmixer LO, the double-sideband...
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Review of NYC ITWS during the September 7, 1998 severe weather event
May 26, 1999
Project Report
Published in:
Project Report ATC-269, MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Summary
The New York City Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS) prototype became operational for the first time on August 30, 1998. Although this was near the end of the region's convective season, site staff were afforded a unique chance to assess the system's performance during Labor Day weekend on the afternoon of September 7 when a line of severe thunderstorms wreaked havoc over large areas of the Tri-state region. The storm with gusts reported as high as 80 mph, caused fatalities as boats overturned and trees fell on cars. Tornadoes were confirmed over New Jersey and Long Island, with major structural damage occurring in other areas as the result of strong straight-line winds and hail reported as large as 1.75 inches in diameter. Significant airport delays were experienced at the three major New York airports (over 600 flights delayed at least 15 minutes) and several hundred flights were cancelled. This report will assess the performance of ITWS and NEXRAD products during the time severe weather impacted the TRACON area, from about 1700 to 1930 UTC on September 7 (hereafter all times will be given in UTC). It will also discuss the synoptic weather setting and conclude with a section on the operational benefits users derived from ITWS on this day.
Summary
The New York City Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS) prototype became operational for the first time on August 30, 1998. Although this was near the end of the region's convective season, site staff were afforded a unique chance to assess the system's performance during Labor Day weekend on the afternoon...
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Lessons learned designing an alternative CHI for en route air traffic control
April 27, 1999
Conference Paper
Published in:
Controller Centered HMI, 27-29 April 1999.
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MIT Lincoln Laboratory is supporting the FAA-sponsored effort to design an operationally suitable Computer Human Interface (CHI) for the recently upgraded En Route Air Traffic Control Centers. All centers will soon receive new control consoles with state-of-the-art 20 square (2K by 2K resolution) color displays (currently operating in Seattle as of January 1999). The future CHI is being modeled on Eurocontrol's Operational Display and Input Development (ODID) CHI, as requested by active controllers in the US. The ODID-like CHI, with its minimal information display and color coded guidance, provides increased efficiency and productivity through employment of a modern graphical user interface. Lessons learned during the on-going design process, including research of look and feel issues in conjunction with data analysis from controller-in-the-loop testing of a prototype ODID-like CHI will be discussed. The Laboratory plans to model the alternative ODID-like CHI on the best of the European ODID, Denmark Sweden Interface (DSI) and EATCHIP CHI features, while cognizant of the FAA?s DSR capabilities and limitations to support an improved user interface. Human factors issues need resolution to provide a consistent look and feel across the Free Flight Phase 1 products and platforms, the Center TRACON Automation System (CTAS) and the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET). MIT Lincoln Laboratory has built a CHI Requirements Engineering Model (CREM) to support controller-in-the-loop testing of the ODID-like CHI, validate CHI requirements and determine applicable standards for the design of an integrated CHI. The CREM provides a means to assess various CHI alternatives and the capability to iterate options with controller teams to address user concerns. Lessons learned from the ODID-like CHI specification process will also be shared.
Summary
MIT Lincoln Laboratory is supporting the FAA-sponsored effort to design an operationally suitable Computer Human Interface (CHI) for the recently upgraded En Route Air Traffic Control Centers. All centers will soon receive new control consoles with state-of-the-art 20 square (2K by 2K resolution) color displays (currently operating in Seattle as...
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Automatic speaker clustering from multi-speaker utterances
March 15, 1999
Conference Paper
Published in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP, Vol. II, 15-19 March 1999, pp. 817-820.
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Summary
Blind clustering of multi-person utterances by speaker is complicated by the fact that each utterance has at least two talkers. In the case of a two-person conversation, one can simply split each conversation into its respective speaker halves, but this introduces error which ultimately hurts clustering. We propose a clustering algorithm which is capable of associating each conversation with two clusters (and therefore two-speakers) obviating the need for splitting. Results are given for two speaker conversations culled from the Switchboard corpus, and comparisons are made to results obtained on single-speaker utterances. We conclude that although the approach is promising, our technique for computing inter-conversation similarities prior to clustering needs improvement.
Summary
Blind clustering of multi-person utterances by speaker is complicated by the fact that each utterance has at least two talkers. In the case of a two-person conversation, one can simply split each conversation into its respective speaker halves, but this introduces error which ultimately hurts clustering. We propose a clustering...
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Corpora for the evaluation of speaker recognition systems
March 15, 1999
Conference Paper
Published in:
ICASSP 1999, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 15-19 March 1999.
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Using standard speech corpora for development and evaluation has proven to be very valuable in promoting progress in speech and speaker recognition research. In this paper, we present an overview of current publicly available corpora intended for speaker recognition research and evaluation. We outline the corpora's salient features with respect to their suitability for conducting speaker recognition experiments and evaluations. Links to these corpora, and to new corpora, will appear on the web http://www.apl.jhu.edu/Classes/Notes/Campbell/SpkrRec/. We hope to increase the awareness and use of these standard corpora and corresponding evaluation procedures throughout the speaker recognition community.
Summary
Using standard speech corpora for development and evaluation has proven to be very valuable in promoting progress in speech and speaker recognition research. In this paper, we present an overview of current publicly available corpora intended for speaker recognition research and evaluation. We outline the corpora's salient features with respect...
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Implications of glottal source for speaker and dialect identification
March 15, 1999
Conference Paper
Published in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP, Vol. II, 15-19 March 1999, pp. 813-816.
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Summary
In this paper we explore the importance of speaker specific information carried in the glottal source. We time align utterances of two speakers speaking the same sentence from the TIMIT database of American English. We then extract the glottal flow derivative from each speaker and interchange them. Through time alignment and this glottal flow transformation, we can make a speaker of a northern dialect sound more like his southern counterpart. We also time align the utterances of two speakers of Spanish dialects speaking the same sentence and then perform the glottal waveform transformation. Through these processes a Peruvian speaker is made to sound more Cuban-like. From these experiments we conclude that significant speaker and dialect specific information, such as noise, breathiness or aspiration, and vocalization, is carried in the glottal signal.
Summary
In this paper we explore the importance of speaker specific information carried in the glottal source. We time align utterances of two speakers speaking the same sentence from the TIMIT database of American English. We then extract the glottal flow derivative from each speaker and interchange them. Through time alignment...
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'Perfect reconstruction' time-scaling filterbanks
March 15, 1999
Conference Paper
Published in:
Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP, Vol. III, 15-19 March 1999, pp. 945-948.
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A filterbank-based method of time-scale modification is analyzed for elemental signals including clicks, sines, and AM-FM sines. It is shown that with the use of some basic properties of linear systems, as well as FM-to-AM filter transduction, "perfect reconstruction" time-scaling filterbanks can be constructed for these elemental signal classes under certain conditions on the filterbank. Conditions for perfect reconstruction time-scaling are shown analytically for the uniform filterbank case, while empirically for the nonuniform constant-Q (gammatone) case. Extension of perfect reconstruction to multi-component signals is shown to require both filterbank and signal-dependent conditions and indicates the need for a more complete theory of "perfect reconstruction" time-scaling filterbanks.
Summary
A filterbank-based method of time-scale modification is analyzed for elemental signals including clicks, sines, and AM-FM sines. It is shown that with the use of some basic properties of linear systems, as well as FM-to-AM filter transduction, "perfect reconstruction" time-scaling filterbanks can be constructed for these elemental signal classes under...
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A 9PAC system and application programmer's guide
February 16, 1999
Project Report
Published in:
MIT Lincoln Laboratory Report ATC-267
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The ASR-9 Processor Augmentation Card (9PAC) is a custom processing card that provides the ASR-9 system with increased beacon and radar processing performance. This paper describes the system and application software that executes on the prototype board, with an emphasis on the interaction between software modules. The application software on the 9PAC determines the position of radar and beacon target reports, replacing software that previously ran on the ASR-9 Array Signal Processor (ASP). The software is organized as a set of cooperating tasks executing under the control of a real-time operating system, PAC/OS, which provides all the services typical of an embedded kernel such as interrupt handling, pre-emptive multitasking, queues, signals, semaphores, mailboxes, and memory management. The deployment of 9PAC will occur in two phases. The Phase I application replaces only the beacon target detector (BTD) and radar/beacon target merge (MRG) functions of the ASP. The Phase I application consists of two executable programs since Phase I uses only two of the C44 processors on the 9PAC. One program, the housekeeping processor, is responsible for all I/O functions and performs the radar/beacon merge operation. The second progam, the beacon processor, is dedicated to processing the raw beacon replies and generating beacon targets which are then returned to the first processor for the merge operation. The Phase II application consists of three executable programs, one for each of the C44 processors on the 9PAC and performs much of the Phase I functionality and adds primary radar processing. The intent of this paper is to provide the 9PAC software support personnel with sufficient information to implement future enhancements without unintentionally compromising some aspect of the overall system.
Summary
The ASR-9 Processor Augmentation Card (9PAC) is a custom processing card that provides the ASR-9 system with increased beacon and radar processing performance. This paper describes the system and application software that executes on the prototype board, with an emphasis on the interaction between software modules. The application software on...
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Evaluating intrusion detection systems without attacking your friends: The 1998 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation
February 9, 1999
Conference Paper
Published in:
Third Conf. and Workshop on Intrusion Detection and Response, 9-13 February 1999.
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Summary
Intrusion detection systems monitor the use of computers and the network over which they communicate, searching for unauthorized use, anomalous behavior, and attempts to deny users, machines or portions of the network access to services. Potential users of such systems need information that is rarely found in marketing literature, including how well a given system finds intruders and how much work is required to use and maintain that system in a fully functioning network with significant daily traffic. Researchers and developers can specify which prototypical attacks can be found by their systems, but without access to the normal traffic generated by day-to-day work, they can not describe how well their systems detect real attacks while passing background traffic and avoiding false alarms. This information is critical: every declared intrusion requires time to review, regardless of whether it is a correct detection for which a real intrusion occurred, or whether it is merely a false alarm. To meet the needs of researchers, developers and ultimately system administrators we have developed the first objective, repeatable, and realistic measurement of intrusion detection system performance. Network traffic on an Air Force base was measured, characterized and subsequently simulated on an isolated network on which a few computers were used to simulate thousands of different Unix systems and hundreds of different users during periods of normal network traffic. Simulated attackers mapped the network, issued denial of service attacks, illegally gained access to systems, and obtained super-user privileges. Attack types ranged from old, well-known attacks, to new, stealthy attacks. Seven weeks of training data and two weeks of testing data were generated, filling more than 30 CD-ROMs. Methods and results from the 1998 DARPA intrusion detection evaluation will be highlighted, and preliminary plans for the 1999 evaluation will be presented.
Summary
Intrusion detection systems monitor the use of computers and the network over which they communicate, searching for unauthorized use, anomalous behavior, and attempts to deny users, machines or portions of the network access to services. Potential users of such systems need information that is rarely found in marketing literature, including...
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Nowcasting requirements for the aircraft vortex spacing system (AVOSS)
January 10, 1999
Conference Paper
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8th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorology, 10-15 Jan. 1999, pp. 340-344.
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Aircraft wake vortices are counter-rotating tubes of air that are generated from aircraft as a consequence of the lift on the aircraft. The safety concern of wake vortices, particularly when lighter aircraft are following heavy planes, has caused the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to enact minimum separation requirements during the arrival phase of flight. These separation standards are imposed at the arrival threshold during Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and are a significant constraint on arrival capacity at the largest U.S. airports. Any movement toward increasing air traffic efficiency, such as concepts toward free-flight, must address increasing runway capacity if they are to be fully effective. Decades of past wake vortex measurements clearly show that current wake vortex separations are overconservative in many weather conditions, and that adapting the separations to the current weather state could safely reduce these separations...This paper describes the known meteorological influences on vortex behavior and gives an overview of AVOSS. Airport climatology is studied to discuss the prevalence of conditions that are conducive to capacity increases with AVOSS technology. Finally, additional constraints on AVOSS nowcasts are discussed.
Summary
Aircraft wake vortices are counter-rotating tubes of air that are generated from aircraft as a consequence of the lift on the aircraft. The safety concern of wake vortices, particularly when lighter aircraft are following heavy planes, has caused the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to enact minimum separation requirements during the...
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